土壤pH和SO42-含量对设施菜地土壤障碍强还原处理修复的响应

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.07.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (7): 1218-1225.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.07.005

土壤pH和SO₄^2-含量对设施菜地土壤障碍强还原处理修复的响应

赵旭丽¹(), 姚宇阗², 陈超², 黄新琦³, 孟天竹¹^,^*()

1.河海大学农业科学与工程学院，江苏南京 210098
2.江苏省沿海开发集团有限公司，江苏南京 210000
3.南京师范大学地理科学学院，江苏南京 210023

收稿日期:2021-06-05 出版日期:2023-07-18 发布日期:2023-09-27
通讯作者: * 孟天竹。E-mail: tianzhumeng@hhu.edu.cn
作者简介:赵旭丽（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为盐碱土改良。E-mail: zhaoxuli1208@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20226);国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD0900705)

Response of Soil pH and SO₄^2- Content to Remediation by Reductive Soil Disinfestation in Degraded Greenhouse Vegetable Soil

ZHAO Xuli¹(), YAO Yutian², CHEN Chao², HUANG Xinqi³, MENG Tianzhu¹^,^*()

1. College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, P. R. China
2. Jiangsu Coast Development Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
3. School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China

Received:2021-06-05 Online:2023-07-18 Published:2023-09-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

设施蔬菜地常面临硫酸根（SO₄^2-）累积等次生盐渍化问题。强还原土壤消毒方法（Reductive Soil Disinfestation, RSD）能够有效改良退化土壤，但RSD处理过程中SO₄^2-转化产物及RSD对次生盐渍化的长期改良效果尚不清楚。为探究土壤初始pH和SO₄^2-含量对RSD处理过程中SO₄^2-去除效果、转化产物及种植作物过程中土壤理化性质的影响，设置5个处理：无处理对照、淹水+紫花苜蓿粉（RSD）、RSD+石灰调节土壤pH至7.30、RSD+SO₄^2-（添加量为4000 mg·kg^-1）、RSD+石灰+SO₄^2-（同上），处理结束后盆栽种植二茬黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.），每个处理3个重复。结果表明，RSD处理后，土壤pH显著升高，EC值降低，土壤可溶性SO₄^2--S含量降低了330-728 mg·kg^-1，未施和施用SO₄^2-处理可溶性SO₄^2-含量分别降低了83.6%-93.3%、35.0%-42.1%。未施SO₄^2-处理中土壤总硫和SO₄^2-沉淀含量基本不变，吸附态SO₄^2-含量略有降低，表明减少的SO₄^2-主要转化为有机态硫，且施用石灰提高土壤pH可促进SO₄^2-转化为有机硫。土壤在晾干和后续种植作物过程中，RSD处理转化的有机硫再次矿化为SO₄^2-，导致土壤盐分回升和pH值降低。种植一茬黄瓜后，各处理SO₄^2-含量已上升至处理前水平。同时，RSD处理后由于NO₃^-的完全脱除土壤面临缺氮风险，种植过程中施用了大量铵态氮肥，导致土壤进一步酸化和次生盐渍化。种植两茬黄瓜后，各处理土壤pH值降低了2.02-2.36，EC值增加了0.201-0.233 mS·cm^-1。综上，对于SO₄^2-初始含量高的土壤，由于有机硫迅速矿化，RSD处理后土壤将面临盐分回升及再次盐渍化风险。RSD处理后应选用合适的肥料品种结合科学施肥方式，以维持RSD处理对土壤次生盐渍化的长期改良效果。

关键词: 土壤退化, 强还原土壤修复方法, 土壤酸化, 土壤次生盐渍化, 石灰, SO₄^2-转化

Abstract:

Sulfate (SO₄^2-) is usually accumulated in intensively used greenhouse soil and thus causes secondary soil salinization. Although it is widely reported that reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) can effectively improve degraded soils, the transformation products of SO₄^2- during RSD and its long-term improvement effects remain unclear. To investigate the effects of liming and soil SO₄^2- content on SO₄^2- removal efficiency and its transformed products during RSD process, as well as the changes in soil chemical properties during replanting process, five control or treatment groups were set up: no-treatment control (CK), flooded soil amended with alfalfa (RSD₀), soil with pH adjusted to 7.30 by limed RSD₀(RSD₁), RSD₀ added with 4000 mg kg^-1 sulfate (RSD₂), and limed RSD₂ (RSD₃). After RSD treatment, two seasons of cucumber were planted. The results showed that soil pH increased and electric conductivity (EC) decreased significantly after the RSD treatments, and the soil soluble SO₄^2--S content decreased by 330-728 mg·kg^-1 in the RSD treatments. The removal efficiency of soluble SO₄^2- in RSD₀, RSD₁, RSD₂ and RSD₃ was 83.6%, 93.3%, 35.0%, and 42.1%, respectively. The contents of soil total sulfur and SO₄^2- precipitate were unchanged, while soil adsorbed SO₄^2- contents decreased in the RSD₀ and RSD₁ treatments. Hence, the decreased SO₄^2- was mainly transformed into organic sulfur (S), and liming promoted the transformation process. During the subsequent soil air drying and replanting processes, the organic S re-mineralized into SO₄^2-, which led to the increase in soil EC and decrease in pH, The soil SO₄^2- contents increased to their initial value in the RSD treatments after planting the first season of cucumber. Since nitrate was almost totally removed after RSD, a large amount of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the replanting process, which further led to soil acidification and salinization again. Soil pH decreased by 2.02-2.36, and soil EC increased by 0.201-0.233 mS·cm^-1 after two seasons cucumber cultivation. In conclusion, the soil with high SO₄^2- content tended to be salinized again after RSD treatment due to the rapid mineralization of organic S. To maintain the long-term improvement effect of RSD treatment on soil secondary salinization, scientific application of fertilizers is necessary.

Key words: soil degradation, reductive soil disinfestation, soil acidification, soil secondary salinization, liming, sulfate transformation

中图分类号:

赵旭丽, 姚宇阗, 陈超, 黄新琦, 孟天竹. 土壤pH和SO₄^2-含量对设施菜地土壤障碍强还原处理修复的响应[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(7): 1218-1225.

ZHAO Xuli, YAO Yutian, CHEN Chao, HUANG Xinqi, MENG Tianzhu. Response of Soil pH and SO₄^2- Content to Remediation by Reductive Soil Disinfestation in Degraded Greenhouse Vegetable Soil[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(7): 1218-1225.

图/表 4

表1 黄瓜种植过程中施用肥料种类和用量

Table 1 Fertilizer type and quantity during the cucumber planting

种植茬数	尿素用量/ (mg·kg^-1)	磷酸二氢钾用量/ (mg·kg^-1)	氯化钙用量/ (mg·kg^-1)	氯化钾用量/ (mg·kg^-1)
第一茬	436	69	-	53
第二茬	1324	227	84	849

图1 培养和种植黄瓜过程中土壤pH、EC、NO3-和NH4+含量变化 CK：对照；RSD0：淹水+紫花苜蓿粉；RSD1：RSD0+石灰；RSD2：RSD0+SO42-；RSD3：RSD0+石灰+SO42-。Bef-RSD：RSD处理前；Aft-RSD：RSD处理后；Air-dry：土壤晾干；Aft-pla 1：种植一茬黄瓜后；Aft-pla 2：种植两茬黄瓜后。平均值上的竖线代表标准误，n=3。下同

Figure1 Changes in pH, EC and NO3-, NH4+ contents in the soils with different treatments during the incubation and cultivation periods

图2 培养和种植黄瓜过程中土壤可溶性SO42-、吸附态SO42-、硫酸盐沉淀、有机硫和总硫含量变化 SO42-sol：可溶性SO42-；SO42-ads：吸附态SO42-；SO42-pre：硫酸盐沉淀；OrgS：有机硫；TS：总硫；平均值上的竖线代表标准误，n=3

Figure 2 Changes in SO42-, adsorbed SO42-, sulfate precipitate, organic sulfur and total sulfur contents in soils with different treatments during the incubation and cultivation periods

图3 整个过程中土壤可溶性SO42-与EC间的相关关系

Figure 3 The correlation of soil soluble SO42- and EC in all treatments during the whole experiment

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土壤pH和SO₄^2-含量对设施菜地土壤障碍强还原处理修复的响应

Response of Soil pH and SO₄^2- Content to Remediation by Reductive Soil Disinfestation in Degraded Greenhouse Vegetable Soil

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