低山丘陵区农业景观格局对害虫-捕食性天敌食物网的影响

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.01.010

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 79-88.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.01.010

低山丘陵区农业景观格局对害虫-捕食性天敌食物网的影响

边振兴¹(), 张宇飞¹, 果晓玉¹, 林琳¹, 于淼²^,^*()

1.沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院,辽宁沈阳110866
2.沈阳农业大学理学院,辽宁沈阳110866

收稿日期:2021-04-28 出版日期:2022-01-18 发布日期:2022-03-10
通讯作者: *于淼,E-mail: 15702426228@163.com
作者简介:边振兴（1974年生）,男,教授,博士,研究方向为耕地生态利用与保护、国土空间规划与生态修复等。E-mail: zhx-bian@syau.edu.cn
基金资助:
辽宁省自然科学基金项目(01064219009)

Effects of Agricultural Landscape Patterns on the Food Web of Pests and Predatory Natural Enemies in Low Mountain and Hilly Areas

BIAN Zhenxing¹(), ZHANG Yufei¹, GUO Xiaoyu¹, LIN Lin¹, YU Miao²^,^*()

1. College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China
2. College of Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P. R. China

Received:2021-04-28 Online:2022-01-18 Published:2022-03-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农业集约化导致景观破碎化、均质化程度加深。景观斑块的组成及合理布局带来的农业景观高异质性是维持区域生物多样性的关键。该文选择具有典型低山丘陵地貌的辽宁省建平县为研究区,在食物网水平上探究区域农业景观格局对生物多样性的影响。选取20个样区,在明晰区域景观特征、分析害虫-捕食性天敌食物网结构的基础上,采用回归分析和最优模型筛选确定景观指数与食物网参数之间的关系。结果表明,（1）互作丰度（IR）与景观面积（TA）、蔓延度指数（CONTAG）呈正比,而与香农均匀度指数（SHEI）呈反比。即景观优势斑块类型连接性越好,害虫-捕食性天敌食物网关系多样性也越高,结构就越复杂。（2）连接密度（LD）与香农多样性指数（SHDI）成正比,而与香农均匀度指数呈反比。即景观破碎化程度越低、景观多样性越高,单个物种对应的食物网连接数也越多。（3）连接性（Co）与最大斑块指数（LPI）呈反比,而与斑块结合指数（COHESION）呈正比。即不同斑块类型越聚集,连通性越高,食物网中天敌与害虫相互作用就越频繁。（4）普遍性（G）与斑块数量（NP）、香农均匀度指数呈反比,而与蔓延度指数、香农多样性指数呈正比。即斑块类型越丰富,数量较少时,天敌群落结构越复杂,多样化生境增加了食物网中捕食性天敌的猎物范围。（5）易损性（V）与香农均匀度指数呈正比。即农业景观中各类型斑块越均匀分布,天敌捕食行为发生几率也越高,平均每种猎物对应的天敌物种数也越多,导致害虫多样性降低。总体而言,农业景观异质性越高,该区域内害虫-捕食性天敌定性食物网结构越稳定。研究结果为今后从景观角度合理构建农业景观格局,提高生物控害作用提供理论依据。

关键词: 农业景观格局, 低山丘陵区, 食物网, 捕食性天敌, 害虫

Abstract:

Agricultural intensification leads to landscape fragmentation and homogenization. The high heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes caused by the composition and layout of landscape patches is the key to maintaining regional biodiversity. This paper selects Jianping County of Liaoning Province, which has a typical low mountain and hilly landform, as the research area to explore the impact of regional agricultural landscape patterns on biodiversity from a food-web perspective. A total of 20 sample areas were selected. Based on the characteristics of the regional landscape, the structure of the pest-predatory natural enemy food web was analyzed. Regression analysis and optimal model screening were used to determine the relationship between the landscape index and the food web parameters. The results show that: (1) Interaction Richness (IR) is directly proportional to Total Landscape Area (TA) and Contagion Index (CONTAG), but inversely proportional to the Shannon’s Evenness Index (SHEI). In other words, the better the connectivity of the landscape dominant patch types is, the higher the diversity of pest-natural enemy food relationships is, and the more complex the food web structure is. (2) The Linkage Density (LD) is directly proportional to the Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) and inversely proportional to the SHEI. In particular, the lower the degree of landscape fragmentation is, the higher the diversity of the landscape is, and the greater the number of food web connections corresponding to a single species is. (3) Connectivity (Co) is inversely proportional to the Largest Patch Index (LPI), but directly proportional to the Cohesion Index (COHESION). The more the different patch types gather, the higher the connectivity is, and the more frequent the interaction between natural enemies and pests in the food web occurs. (4) The Generality (G) is inversely proportional to the Number of Patches (NP) and the SHEI, but directly proportional to the CONTAG and the SHDI. When the patch types are richer and the number is smaller, the natural enemy community structure is more complex. The diversified habitat increases the prey range of predatory natural enemies in the food web. (5) Vulnerability (V) is directly proportional to the SHEI, meaning that the more evenly distributed patches of various types are in the agricultural landscape, where the higher the probability of predation by natural enemies, the greater the number of natural enemy species corresponding to each prey species, resulting in a decrease in pest diversity. In general, a higher heterogeneity of the agricultural landscape would be associated with a more stable pest-predatory natural enemy qualitative food web structure in the region. The research results provide a theoretical basis for constructing a rational agricultural landscape pattern in the future from a landscape perspective and improving the effect of biological damage control.

Key words: agricultural landscape pattern, low mountain and hilly area, food web, predatory natural enemies, pests

中图分类号:

P901
X174

边振兴, 张宇飞, 果晓玉, 林琳, 于淼. 低山丘陵区农业景观格局对害虫-捕食性天敌食物网的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(1): 79-88.

BIAN Zhenxing, ZHANG Yufei, GUO Xiaoyu, LIN Lin, YU Miao. Effects of Agricultural Landscape Patterns on the Food Web of Pests and Predatory Natural Enemies in Low Mountain and Hilly Areas[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(1): 79-88.

图/表 9

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编号 Number	景观面积 TA	斑块数量 NP	最大斑块指数 LPI	蔓延度指数 CONTAG	斑块结合指数 COHESION	香农多样性指数 SHDI	香农均匀度指数 SHEI	聚集度指数 AI	斑块密度 PD	景观形状指数 LSI
A1	22.175	99.000	35.143	66.716	99.247	1.402	0.609	97.540	446.459	7.818
A2	31.256	217.000	9.431	57.715	98.468	1.644	0.714	93.484	694.278	20.079
B1	11.925	120.000	12.122	53.585	98.168	2.035	0.819	94.207	1006.289	12.329
B2	23.905	252.000	11.476	58.771	98.297	1.810	0.706	93.381	1054.160	18.426
C	5.273	26.000	34.447	61.637	98.982	1.395	0.671	95.582	493.050	6.819
D	12.908	54.000	22.627	64.060	98.760	1.161	0.597	94.099	418.361	12.260
E	20.270	186.000	23.289	62.242	97.812	1.307	0.629	92.985	917.603	17.451
F	11.041	26.000	19.179	55.625	99.020	1.678	0.807	96.954	235.497	7.095
G1	59.299	168.000	12.863	69.972	98.959	1.267	0.529	96.760	283.312	14.353
G2	72.291	249.000	13.389	65.379	99.222	1.529	0.615	96.537	344.443	16.611
H	39.700	242.000	11.866	63.461	98.906	1.438	0.624	95.283	609.567	16.608
I	30.013	160.000	8.525	54.991	98.422	1.582	0.761	93.325	533.101	20.273
J	11.178	42.000	31.425	68.299	99.151	1.148	0.552	96.387	375.731	7.845
K	38.018	125.000	11.435	69.122	98.961	1.076	0.518	94.702	328.789	17.927
L	15.128	245.000	7.531	56.502	97.665	1.444	0.657	87.857	1619.492	25.389
M	15.638	68.000	16.591	53.163	98.746	1.824	0.830	94.922	434.841	12.144
N	22.898	83.000	12.302	54.259	98.793	1.759	0.800	94.653	362.476	14.726
O	23.305	240.000	13.917	64.084	98.446	1.315	0.599	94.107	1029.835	15.985
P	15.257	91.000	32.462	62.201	98.814	1.253	0.644	95.062	596.436	11.363
Q	7.265	48.000	21.617	54.953	98.196	1.621	0.780	94.440	660.693	9.275

编号 Number	景观面积 TA	斑块数量 NP	最大斑块指数 LPI	蔓延度指数 CONTAG	斑块结合指数 COHESION	香农多样性指数 SHDI	香农均匀度指数 SHEI	聚集度指数 AI	斑块密度 PD	景观形状指数 LSI
A1	22.175	99.000	35.143	66.716	99.247	1.402	0.609	97.540	446.459	7.818
A2	31.256	217.000	9.431	57.715	98.468	1.644	0.714	93.484	694.278	20.079
B1	11.925	120.000	12.122	53.585	98.168	2.035	0.819	94.207	1006.289	12.329
B2	23.905	252.000	11.476	58.771	98.297	1.810	0.706	93.381	1054.160	18.426
C	5.273	26.000	34.447	61.637	98.982	1.395	0.671	95.582	493.050	6.819
D	12.908	54.000	22.627	64.060	98.760	1.161	0.597	94.099	418.361	12.260
E	20.270	186.000	23.289	62.242	97.812	1.307	0.629	92.985	917.603	17.451
F	11.041	26.000	19.179	55.625	99.020	1.678	0.807	96.954	235.497	7.095
G1	59.299	168.000	12.863	69.972	98.959	1.267	0.529	96.760	283.312	14.353
G2	72.291	249.000	13.389	65.379	99.222	1.529	0.615	96.537	344.443	16.611
H	39.700	242.000	11.866	63.461	98.906	1.438	0.624	95.283	609.567	16.608
I	30.013	160.000	8.525	54.991	98.422	1.582	0.761	93.325	533.101	20.273
J	11.178	42.000	31.425	68.299	99.151	1.148	0.552	96.387	375.731	7.845
K	38.018	125.000	11.435	69.122	98.961	1.076	0.518	94.702	328.789	17.927
L	15.128	245.000	7.531	56.502	97.665	1.444	0.657	87.857	1619.492	25.389
M	15.638	68.000	16.591	53.163	98.746	1.824	0.830	94.922	434.841	12.144
N	22.898	83.000	12.302	54.259	98.793	1.759	0.800	94.653	362.476	14.726
O	23.305	240.000	13.917	64.084	98.446	1.315	0.599	94.107	1029.835	15.985
P	15.257	91.000	32.462	62.201	98.814	1.253	0.644	95.062	596.436	11.363
Q	7.265	48.000	21.617	54.953	98.196	1.621	0.780	94.440	660.693	9.275

食物网参数 Food web metrics	计算方法 Calculation method	指数意义 Meaning of metrics
互作丰度 Interaction richness	L	反映食物网中发生天敌- 害虫相互作用的频繁程度
连接密度 Linkage density	L/S	反映捕食作用范围的广泛程度
连接性 Connectivity	L/S²	反映食物网结构复杂程度
普遍性 Generality	L/S_enemy	反映天敌多样性
易损性Vulnerability	L/S_prey	反映害虫多样性

食物网参数 Food web metrics	计算方法 Calculation method	指数意义 Meaning of metrics
互作丰度 Interaction richness	L	反映食物网中发生天敌- 害虫相互作用的频繁程度
连接密度 Linkage density	L/S	反映捕食作用范围的广泛程度
连接性 Connectivity	L/S²	反映食物网结构复杂程度
普遍性 Generality	L/S_enemy	反映天敌多样性
易损性Vulnerability	L/S_prey	反映害虫多样性

地表节肢动物类型 Soil arthropod type					数量 Number	优势度 Dominance
昆虫纲 Insecta	直翅目 Orthoptera		蟋蟀科 Gryllidae	黄脸油葫芦 Teleogryllus emma	166	+
			蝗科 Acrididae	笨蝗 Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure	52	+
				中华蚱蜢 Acrida cinerea	5	+
				大垫尖翅蝗 Epacromius coerulipes	307	++
				宽翅曲背 Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis	76	+
				短星翅蝗 Calliptamus abbreviatus	87	+
				辽宁金色蝗 Chrysacris	1	+
			蝼蛄科Polygonaceae	东方蝼蛄 Gryllotalpa orientalis Burmeister	18	+
	鞘翅目 Coleoptera		步甲科 Carabidae	中华婪步甲 Harpalus sinicus	7151	+++
				麻青步甲 Chlaenius bonelli	15	+
				蠋步甲 Dolichus halensis	967	++
				大星步甲 Stellaterram cantharidas	32	+
				彩角青步甲 Chlaenius variicornis Bates	88	+
				金星步甲 Calosoma chinense	45	+
				赤褐婪步甲 Harpalus simplicidens	2396	+++
				单齿婪步甲 Pseudoophonus simplicidens	17	+
				毛婪步甲 Harpalus vicarious	2	+
				艳步甲 Carabus lafossei coelestis Stew	11	+
				麻步甲 Carabus brandti Faldermann	6	+
			虎甲科 Cicindelidae	细虎甲 Cicindela chinenesisr	1	+
			虎甲科 Cicindelidae	斜斑虎甲 Cicindela germanica	12	+
			埋葬甲科 Staphylinoidea	弯葬甲 Nicrophorus nepalensis Hope	86	+
			埋葬甲科 Staphylinoidea	双斑葬甲 Ptomascopus plagiaeus	1	+
			叶甲科 Chrysomeloidea	双斑跗长萤叶甲 Monolepta hieroglyphica	55	+
				细盗隐翅虫 Paederus fuscipes Curtis	26	+
				刺松隐翅虫 Staphylinidae	22	+
			粪金龟科 Geotrupidae	戴锤角粪金龟 Bolbotrypes davidis	60	+
			花金龟科 Cetoniidae	白星花金龟 Protaetia brevitarsis	1	+
			鳃金龟科 Melolonthidae	华阿鳃金龟 Holotrichia oblita	1	+
			蜉金龟科 Aphodiidae	黑蜉金龟 AhodiusIre uiusculus	115	+
			瓢虫科 Coccinellidae	异色瓢虫 Harmonia axyridis	7	+
				龟纹瓢虫 Propylaea japonica	18	+
				双七瓢虫 Coccinella quatuordecimpustulata	13	+
			天牛科 Cerambycidae	大牙锯天牛 Dorysthcnes paradoxus	1	+
			天牛科 Cerambycidae	曲纹花天牛 Leptura arcuata	8	+
			鞘翅目幼虫 Coleoptera		22	+
	半翅目 Hemiptera		长蝽科 Lygaeidae	角红长蝽 Lygaeus hanseni	1	+
			红蝽科 Pyrrhocoridae	地红蝽 Pyrrhocoris tibialis	20	+
			猎蝽科 Falconidae	红缘真猎 HarpactorrubromarginatusJakovlev	6	+
			姬蝽科 Nabidae	暗色姬蝽 NabisstenoferusHsiao	11	+
			蝽科 Pentatomidae	广二星蝽 Eysarcoris ventralis	1	+
			蝽科 Pentatomidae	原扁蝽 Mezira poriaicolaLiu	9	+
			飞虱科 Planthopper	灰飞虱 Laodelphax striatellus	1	+
	革翅目 Dermaptera		蠼螋科 Labiduridae	蠼螋 Titanolabis colossea	4	+
	鳞翅目 Lepidoptera		螟蛾科P yralidae 鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera	亚洲玉米螟 Ostrinia furnacalis	24	+
	鳞翅目 Lepidoptera		螟蛾科P yralidae 鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera		39	+
	膜翅目 Hymenoptera		叶蜂科 Tenthredinidae	叶蜂 Tenthredinidae	2	+
			树蜂科 Siricidae	烟扁角树蜂 Tremexfuscicornis	3	+
			蜜蜂科 Apidae	中华土蜂 Scolia vittifrons Sau	6	+
			胡蜂科 Vespidae	黄胡峰 Vespula vulgaris	40	+
				易黄胡峰 Vespulakoreensisobata	25	+
				角马蜂 Pollstes okinawanasis Matsumura et Uchida	174	+
				长脚胡蜂 Polistes fadwiges Dalla Torle	9	+
			蚁科 Formicidae		7227	+++
			膜翅目幼虫 Hymenoptera		17	+
	同翅目 Homoptera		象蜡蝉科 Dictyopharidae	中野象蜡蝉 Raivuna nakanonis	2	+
	同翅目 Homoptera		叶蝉科 Cicadellidae	稻叶蝉 Nephotettix cincticeps	1	+
	螳螂目 Mantis		螳科 Mantodea	薄翅螳 Mantis religiosa Linnaeus	4	+
地表节肢动物类型 Soil arthropod type					数量 Number	优势度 Dominance
蛛形纲 Arachnoidea		蜘蛛目 Aranae	幽灵蛛科 Pholcidae		315	++
			皿蛛科 Linyphiidae		17	+
			漏斗蛛科 Agelenidae		11	+
			狼蛛科 Lycosidae		192	+
			转蛛科 Trochanteriidae		422	++
			栉足蛛科 Ctenidae		546	++
			花皮蛛科 Sicariidae		32	+
			逸蛛科 Zoropsidae		4	+
			管网蛛科 Filistatidae		13	+
			圆颚蛛科 Araneidae		3	+
			弱蛛科 Leptonetidae		7	+
软甲纲Malacostraca		等足目 Isopoda	潮虫科 Onsicidae	鼠妇 Armadillidium vulgare Latreille	205	+
		总计 Sum			21284

低山丘陵区农业景观格局对害虫-捕食性天敌食物网的影响

Effects of Agricultural Landscape Patterns on the Food Web of Pests and Predatory Natural Enemies in Low Mountain and Hilly Areas

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景观格局指数 Landscape pattern metrics	食物网参数 Food web parameters	df₁	df₂	P	效应 Effect
景观面积 Total landscape area	互作丰度	1	18	0.032*	+
	连接密度	1	18	0.121	-
	连接性	1	18	0.535	+
	普遍性	1	18	0.118	-
	易损性	1	18	0.055	-
斑块数量 Number of patches	互作丰度	1	18	0.106	-
	连接密度	1	18	0.092	-
	连接性	1	18	0.635	-
	普遍性	1	18	0.042*	-
	易损性	1	18	0.186	-
最大斑块指数 Largest patch index	互作丰度	1	18	0.984	+
	连接密度	1	18	0.824	+
	连接性	1	18	0.036*	-
	普遍性	1	18	0.434	+
	易损性	1	18	0.045*	-
蔓延度指数 Contagion index	互作丰度	1	18	0.0003**	+
	连接密度	1	18	0.001**	+
	连接性	1	18	0.984	+
	普遍性	1	18	0.002**	+
	易损性	1	18	0.003**	+
聚集度指数 Cohesion index	互作丰度	1	18	0.668	-
	连接密度	1	18	0.751	-
	连接性	1	18	0.012*	+
	普遍性	1	18	0.382	-
	易损性	1	18	0.967	-
香农多样性指数Shannon’s diversity index	互作丰度	1	18	0.001**	+
	连接密度	1	18	0.003*	+
	连接性	1	18	0.705	+
	普遍性	1	18	0.028*	+
	易损性	1	18	0.002*	+
香农均匀度指数Shannon’s evenness index	互作丰度	1	18	0.00002**	-
	连接密度	1	18	0.00048**	-
	连接性	1	18	0.854	+
	普遍性	1	18	0.0003**	-
	易损性	1	18	0.001**	+

响应变量 Response Variables	最优模型方程 The Best Model	残差平方和 Sp²	样本量 Number of samples	阶数 K_i	校正的AIC值 AICc	调整R² Adjusted R²
互作丰度 Interaction richness	L=b₀+b₁x₁+b₄x₄+b₇x₇	5.198	20	5	44.967	0.718
连接密度 Linkage density	LD=b₀+b₆x₆+b₇x₇	18.922	20	4	66.807	0.628
连接性 Connectivity	Co=b₀+b₃x₃+b₅x₅	1.253	20	4	14.511	0.446
普遍性 Generality	G=b₀+b₂x₂+b₄x₄+b₆x₆+b₇x₇	83.952	20	6	98.605	0.690
易损性 Vulnerability	V=b₀+b₇x₇	136.738	20	3	106.361	0.488