硫铁矿酸性矿山废水的分级处理与有价金属回收研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.09.011

生态环境学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (9): 1445-1457.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.09.011

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

硫铁矿酸性矿山废水的分级处理与有价金属回收研究

杨强¹(), 李权¹, 夏晓芬², 丁永强¹, 张楚怡¹, 杨涛涛³, 廖斌², 刘安富⁴^,⁵^,^*()

¹ 中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司，陕西西安 710100
² 中山大学生命科学学院，广东广州 510275
³ 广东省重金属矿山生态修复工程技术研究中心，广东韶关 512000
⁴ 生态环境部土壤与农业农村生态环境监管技术中心，北京 100012
⁵ 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院，贵州贵阳 550025

收稿日期:2025-12-23 修回日期:2026-06-23 接受日期:2026-07-02 出版日期:2026-09-18 发布日期:2026-09-16
通讯作者: *刘安富, E-mail: lafmcl1986@163.com
作者简介:杨强（1986年生），男，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事矿山污染治理相关研究。E-mail: yangqiang@nwh.cn
基金资助:
中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司重点科技项目(XBY-K1-2023-19);韶关市省科技创新战略专项项目(230225176275072);国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3207300);中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司重点科研项目(XBY-PTKJ-2022-19)

Stepwise Treatment and Valuable Metal Recovery from an Acidic Pyrite Mine Drainage

Yang Qiang¹(), Li Quan¹, Xia Xiaofen², Ding Yongqiang¹, Zhang Chuyi¹, Yang Taotao³, Liao Bin², Liu Anfu⁴^,⁵^,^*()

¹ Power China Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi’an 710065, P. R. China
² School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
³ Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Restoration of Heavy Metal Mines, Shaoguan 512000, P. R. China
⁴ Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, P. R. China
⁵ College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China

Received:2025-12-23 Revised:2026-06-23 Accepted:2026-07-02 Online:2026-09-18 Published:2026-09-16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】酸性矿山废水（acid mine drainage，AMD）的直接排放会对周边生态环境造成严重影响，本研究旨在开发一套AMD的微生物联合处理技术，并实现其对有价金属资源的回收利用。【方法】建立了基于微生物的“好氧－厌氧”联合反应器系统，以广东云浮硫铁矿AMD为处理对象，通过理化分析、矿物学分析和16S rRNA基因V4区测序等方法，系统探究了其处理效能与微生物群落响应机制。【结果】该联合反应器系统出水pH值由2.23升至8.17，Fe³⁺、Al³⁺、Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺去除率达100%，Mn²⁺和SO₄²⁻去除率分别为97%和88%。好氧铁氧化与初级碱中和生成施氏矿物，进一步的碱中和形成黄钾铁矾、铁水合物，而后续的预处理与厌氧处理阶段则有效沉淀了Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Mn²⁺等离子。好氧反应器中微生物群落以Acidiphilium和Ferroplasma等嗜酸铁氧化菌为主，其介导的亚铁氧化和矿物形成是铁去除的关键；厌氧反应器则富集Desulfosporosinus和Clostridium等硫酸盐还原菌，驱动了硫酸盐还原和金属硫化物沉淀过程，其微生物群落结构受pH值显著影响。【结论】本研究通过好氧反应器中铁氧化菌与厌氧反应器中硫酸盐还原菌的协同作用，实现了对AMD的分级处理与有价金属回收，阐明了利用嗜酸铁硫代谢微生物的联合反应器进行AMD处理的技术可行性。

关键词: 酸性矿山废水, 硫铁矿, 分级处理, 联合反应器, 有价金属回收

Abstract:

[Objective] The direct discharge of acid mine drainage (AMD) severely degrades surrounding ecosystems. This study aims to develop an integrated microbial treatment technology for AMD and achieve the recovery of valuable metal resources. [Methods] A microbially based integrated "aerobic-anaerobic" reactor system was constructed to treat AMD from the Yunfu pyrite mine in Guangdong. By combining physicochemical analysis, mineralogical characterization, and 16S rRNA gene V4 region sequencing, we systematically investigated the treatment performance and the response mechanisms of the microbial community. [Results] The effluent pH increased from 2.23 to 8.17, with 100% removal of Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cu²⁺, and 97% and 88% removal of Mn²⁺ and SO₄²⁻, respectively. Aerobic iron oxidation and primary alkali neutralization led to the formation of schwertmannite, while further alkali neutralization produced jarosite and hydrated iron oxides. The subsequent pretreatment and anaerobic stages effectively precipitated ionic species, including Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺. The aerobic reactor was dominated by acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Acidiphilium and Ferroplasma), which mediated ferrous iron oxidation and mineral formation was critical for iron removal. The anaerobic reactor enriched sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g., Desulfosporosinus and Clostridium), driving sulfate reduction and metal sulfide precipitation. Notably, the anaerobic microbial community structure was significantly influenced by pH. [Conclusion] The system leveraged the metabolic activity of iron-oxidizing bacteria in the aerobic reactor and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the anaerobic unit to achieve stepwise AMD treatment and valuable metal recovery. These findings demonstrate a promising technical solution, in which the metabolic potential of iron- and sulfur-cycling microbes is deployed for AMD treatment.

Key words: acid mine drainage, pyrite mine, stepwise treatment, integrated reactor system, valuable metal recovery

中图分类号:

X703

杨强, 李权, 夏晓芬, 丁永强, 张楚怡, 杨涛涛, 廖斌, 刘安富. 硫铁矿酸性矿山废水的分级处理与有价金属回收研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(9): 1445-1457.

Yang Qiang, Li Quan, Xia Xiaofen, Ding Yongqiang, Zhang Chuyi, Yang Taotao, Liao Bin, Liu Anfu. Stepwise Treatment and Valuable Metal Recovery from an Acidic Pyrite Mine Drainage[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2026, 35(9): 1445-1457.

图/表 11

表1 云浮AMD的理化性质

Table 1 Physicochemical characteristics of the Yunfu AMD

指标	测定值
pH	2.23±0.03
TOC质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	35.6±1.3
Fe²⁺质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	2085±96
Fe³⁺质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	3830±141
Zn²⁺质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	361±13
Mn²⁺质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	912±27
Al³⁺质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	763±16
Cu²⁺质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	0.62±0.03
SO₄²⁻质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	32135±793
COD质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)	39.1±2.8

图1 “好氧－厌氧”联合反应器处理AMD流程图

Figure 1 Flowchart of the “Aerobic-Anaerobic” integrated reactor system for AMD treatment

表2 各反应阶段中最终出水的理化性质分析结果

Table 2 Physicochemical properties of effluent in the different stages

反应阶段	pH	质量浓度/(mg∙L⁻¹)
反应阶段	pH	SO₄²⁻	Fe²⁺	Fe³⁺	Zn²⁺	Mn²⁺	Al³⁺	Cu²⁺	COD
0	2.23±0.03	32135±793	2085±96	3830±141	361±13	912±27	763±16	0.62±0.03	39.1±2.8
M1	1.95±0.02	31773±467	49.2±4.0	4273±87	350±9.2	889±10	697±12	0.56±0.01	－
M2	2.71±0.01	26900±504	ND	191±12	355±10	836±12	635±7.8	0.46±0.02	－
M3	4.51±0.02	25251±230	ND	5.3±0.6	300±14	813±14	99.1±3.2	0.42±0.02	－
M4	4.46±0.01	24965±308	ND	ND	120±6.8	779±15	32.7±2.4	ND	－
S1	6.34±0.02	12644±406	ND	ND	ND	224±8.3	ND	ND	－
S2	8.17±0.01	3903±95	ND	ND	ND	29.9±1.9	ND	ND	193±4.3

表3 各反应阶段中沉淀的主要金属元素质量分数

Table 3 Concentration of the heavy metals in different stages of precipitate samples

反应阶段	Fe	Mn	Zn	Cu	Al	K
M1	479±33.8	0.1±0	0.1±0	ND	0.6±0.1	ND
M2	492±15.7	1.6±0	2.1±0	ND	2.8±0.1	16.1±0.6
M3	207±17.3	2.8±0.1	2.6±0	ND	7.3±0.3	13.9±0
M4	0.1±0	0.1±0	132±2.6	0.3±0	1.0±0	0.12±0.1
S1	158±5.1	39.4±0.8	135±0.3	ND	6.7±0.1	3.6±0.2
S2	166±3.4	21.6±0.1	ND	ND	1.8±0	6.9±0

图2 各反应阶段沉淀的XRD分析结果

Figure 2 XRD analysis results of the precipitates collected at each reaction stage

图3 好氧反应器沉淀扫描电镜图

Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy image of precipitate from aerobic reactor

图4 厌氧反应器中pH与有关离子质量浓度随时间变化情况

Figure 4 Temporal variations of pH and mass concentrations of related ions in the anaerobic reactor

图5 好氧反应器样品的微生物群落组成情况

Figure 5 Microbial community composition of aerobic reactor samples

图6 厌氧反应器中不同时间点样品的微生物群落门属相对丰度

Figure 6 Temporal dynamics of bacterial phylum and genus relative abundances in anaerobic reactor samples

图7 好氧反应器与厌氧反应器的PCoA分析结果

Figure 7 Principal coordinates analysis results of aerobic and anaerobic reactors

图8 厌氧反应器理化因子与微生物群落结构的RDA分析结果

Figure 8 Redundancy analysis of physicochemical characteristics and microbial community structure in anaerobic reactors

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硫铁矿酸性矿山废水的分级处理与有价金属回收研究

Stepwise Treatment and Valuable Metal Recovery from an Acidic Pyrite Mine Drainage

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