京津冀区域燃煤小锅炉清洁改造环境效益评估

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.10.007

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (10): 1554-1562.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.10.007

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

京津冀区域燃煤小锅炉清洁改造环境效益评估

赵琼¹(), 胡溪²^,³^,^*(), 张伟²^,³, 张增凯⁴, 薛文博², 赵静²^,³

1.天津大学管理与经济学部，天津 300072
2.生态环境部环境规划院/国家环境保护环境规划与政策模拟重点实验室，北京 100012
3.生态环境部环境规划院/京津冀区域生态环境研究中心，北京 100012
4.厦门大学环境与生态学院，福建厦门 361102

收稿日期:2024-05-14 出版日期:2024-10-18 发布日期:2024-11-15
通讯作者: *胡溪。E-mail: huxi@caep.org.cn
作者简介:赵琼（1995年生），女，博士研究生，主要研究方向为能源环境政策分析与评价。E-mail: qiongzhao@tju.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(72074155)

Assessment the Environmental Effect of Small Coal-fired Boilers Upgrading in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei

ZHAO Qiong¹(), HU Xi²^,³^,^*(), ZHANG Wei²^,³, ZHANG Zengkai⁴, XUE Wenbo², ZHAO Jing²^,³

1. College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation/Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, P. R. China
3. The Center for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Regional Ecology and Environment, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, P. R. China
4. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, P. R. China;

Received:2024-05-14 Online:2024-10-18 Published:2024-11-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

燃煤小锅炉（≤35 t∙h⁻¹）作为散煤消耗的主要设备之一，其排放也是京津冀等区域大气污染的重要来源。尽管燃煤小锅炉清洁改造工作已经取得了一定成效，但关于其城市尺度的环境效益评估尚不充分，这在一定程度上限制了精准减排策略的制定与实施。基于生态环境部收集的燃煤小锅炉清洁改造清单数据，采用排放因子法建立京津冀地区城市级燃煤小锅炉大气污染物排放清单，并利用WRF-CAMx空气质量模型模拟评估2013－2017年京津冀地区各城市燃煤小锅炉清洁改造的环境效益。结果显示，2013－2017年期间，京津冀地区完成约8万台、16.5万蒸吨燃煤小锅炉清洁改造，累积减煤量高达3.18×10⁷ t。燃煤小锅炉清洁改造对大气污染控制具有重要作用，2013－2017年京津冀地区常规大气污染物NO_x、SO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀和VOC_S的减排量分别为4.77×10⁴、19.3×10⁴、2.85×10⁴、3.02×10⁴、1.54×10⁴ t。但其规模与污染物减排量不成比例，≤1 t∙h⁻¹的燃煤小锅炉虽然仅占京津冀地区总清洁改造规模的15.9%，但其对PM_2.5和PM₁₀的减排贡献高达74.6%和89.2%。空气质量模拟结果也表明燃煤小锅炉清洁改造在一定程度上改善了京津冀地区的空气质量，北京市、天津市和河北省的PM_2.5年平均浓度分别下降了1.96%、3.54%和2.95%。工业密集区的改善效果尤为显著，最高降幅可达2.72 μg∙m⁻³。不同改造方式中，煤改气及淘汰对空气质量改善贡献最大，这主要与其改造规模大小分布相一致。研究结果有利于相关部门更好地了解燃煤小锅炉清洁改造的必要性和潜在环境改善效果，亦可为东北地区、天山北坡城市群等城市群深化燃煤小锅炉清洁改造以及推进65 t∙h⁻¹以上燃煤锅炉超低排放改造工作树立典范。

关键词: 燃煤小锅炉清洁改造, 京津冀地区, 锅炉规模, 改造方式, 减煤量, 大气污染物减排, 空气质量改善

Abstract:

Small coal-fired boilers (≤35t∙h⁻¹) are a significant source of air pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, serving as one of the main equipment for dispersed coal consumption. While the small coal-fired boilers upgrading has seen some success, the assessment of their environmental benefits at the city level remains insufficient, which limits the formulation and implementation of precise emission reduction strategies to a certain extent. Based on the small coal-fired boilers upgrading inventory collected by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, this study established a city-level air pollutant emission inventory for small coal-fired boilers in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region using the emission factor method. Additionally, we employed the WRF-CAMx air quality model to simulate the environmental effect of small coal-fired boilers upgrading from 2013 to 2017 in cities within this region. The results indicate that from 2013 to 2017, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region upgraded approximately 8×10⁴ small coal-fired boilers, totaling 16.5×10⁴ t of capacity, with a high cumulative coal reduction of 3.18×10⁷ t. The small coal-fired boilers upgrading has played an important role in air pollution control. Specifically, the emissions of NO_x, SO₂, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and VOCs decreased to 4.77×10⁴, 19.3×10⁴, 2.85×10⁴, 3.02×10⁴, and 1.54×10⁴ t, respectively. However, the scale is disproportionate to the emission reduction of pollutants. Notably, coal-fired small boilers ≤1 t∙h⁻¹ constitute only 15.9% of the total upgrading scale but contribute 74.6% and 89.2% to the emission reduction of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, respectively. Air quality modeling results show that the small coal-fired boilers upgrading has improved air quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, with the annual average PM_2.5 concentrations in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei provinces decreasing by 1.96%, 3.54% and 2.95%, respectively. The improvements were particularly significant in industrial-intensive areas, with maximum reductions reaching 2.72 μg∙m⁻³. Among the various upgrading methods, coal-to-gas and elimination contributed the most to air quality improvement, aligning with the distribution of their scale. The results of this study will help the relevant authorities better understand the necessity and potential environmental improvement effects of small coal-fired boiler upgrading. Furthermore, this research may serve as a model for advancing similar upgrades in the Northeast region, the North Slope of Tianshan Mountain, and other urban agglomerations, as well as for promoting ultra-low emission upgrading of larger coal-fired boilers exceeding 65 t∙h⁻¹.

Key words: the small coal-fired boilers upgrading, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, boiler scale, upgrading methods, coal reduction, emission reduction of air pollutants, air quality improvement

中图分类号:

赵琼, 胡溪, 张伟, 张增凯, 薛文博, 赵静. 京津冀区域燃煤小锅炉清洁改造环境效益评估[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(10): 1554-1562.

ZHAO Qiong, HU Xi, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Zengkai, XUE Wenbo, ZHAO Jing. Assessment the Environmental Effect of Small Coal-fired Boilers Upgrading in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(10): 1554-1562.

图/表 8

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燃料类型	平均低位发热量	本研究使用热值
原煤	20.908×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹	20.908×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
天然气	32.238×10⁶-38.931×10⁶ J∙m⁻³	35.587×10⁶ J∙m⁻³
电力(当量)		3.60×10⁶ J∙kWh⁻¹
生物质		15.072×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
稻杆	12.545×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
大豆杆、棉花杆	15.89×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
麦秆	14.635×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
玉米杆	15.472×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
薪柴	16.726×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹

燃料类型	平均低位发热量	本研究使用热值
原煤	20.908×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹	20.908×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
天然气	32.238×10⁶-38.931×10⁶ J∙m⁻³	35.587×10⁶ J∙m⁻³
电力(当量)		3.60×10⁶ J∙kWh⁻¹
生物质		15.072×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
稻杆	12.545×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
大豆杆、棉花杆	15.89×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
麦秆	14.635×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
玉米杆	15.472×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹
薪柴	16.726×10⁶ J∙kg⁻¹

锅炉类型	锅炉规模/ (t∙h⁻¹)	NO_x减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)	SO₂减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)	PM_2.5减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)	PM₁₀减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)	VOC_S减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)
燃煤小锅炉	<1	1.90 (Meng et al., 2019)	14.5 (Meng et al., 2019)	9.7 (Meng et al., 2019)	12.5 (Meng et al., 2019)	0.6 (Wu et al., 2016)
	1-10	1.71 (王书肖等, 2009)	5.8 (王书肖等, 2009)	0.209 (王书肖等, 2009)	0.1225 (李超等, 2009)	0.6 (Wu et al., 2016)
	10-20	2.13 (王书肖等, 2009)	5.65 (王书肖等, 2009)	0.49 (王书肖等, 2009)		0.6 (Wu et al., 2016)
	20-35	2.38 (王书肖等, 2009)	1.35 (王书肖等, 2009)	0.059 (王书肖等, 2009)		0.6 (Wu et al., 2016)
燃气小锅炉		1.46 (g∙m⁻³) (Wang et al., 2019)
生物质小锅炉 (生态环境部, 2014)	<1	1.07	0.4	0.67	1.24	1.13
生物质小锅炉 (生态环境部, 2014)	1-35	2.79	0.7	0.95	1.12	1.13

锅炉类型	锅炉规模/ (t∙h⁻¹)	NO_x减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)	SO₂减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)	PM_2.5减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)	PM₁₀减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)	VOC_S减排量/ (kg∙t⁻¹)
燃煤小锅炉	<1	1.90 (Meng et al., 2019)	14.5 (Meng et al., 2019)	9.7 (Meng et al., 2019)	12.5 (Meng et al., 2019)	0.6 (Wu et al., 2016)
	1-10	1.71 (王书肖等, 2009)	5.8 (王书肖等, 2009)	0.209 (王书肖等, 2009)	0.1225 (李超等, 2009)	0.6 (Wu et al., 2016)
	10-20	2.13 (王书肖等, 2009)	5.65 (王书肖等, 2009)	0.49 (王书肖等, 2009)		0.6 (Wu et al., 2016)
	20-35	2.38 (王书肖等, 2009)	1.35 (王书肖等, 2009)	0.059 (王书肖等, 2009)		0.6 (Wu et al., 2016)
燃气小锅炉		1.46 (g∙m⁻³) (Wang et al., 2019)
生物质小锅炉 (生态环境部, 2014)	<1	1.07	0.4	0.67	1.24	1.13
生物质小锅炉 (生态环境部, 2014)	1-35	2.79	0.7	0.95	1.12	1.13

排放因子来源	污染物减排量
排放因子来源	NO_x	SO₂	PM_2.5	PM₁₀	VOC_S
Wang et al., 2021	66.69
Cai et al., 2019					10.63
Zhi et al., 2017	46.99	588.42			18.14
Zhao et al., 2013	48.55	371.98	63.47	111.11	19.10
王书肖等, 2009	43.14	179.42	6.47
Wang et al., 2020	17.67	223.34	185.38
Meng et al., 2019	49.18	461.10	308.55	397.57
本研究	47.74	193.33	28.50	30.20	15.38

京津冀区域燃煤小锅炉清洁改造环境效益评估

Assessment the Environmental Effect of Small Coal-fired Boilers Upgrading in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei

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