基于计算力流体力学的城市近郊湖泊“冷岛效应”及其情景模拟研究——以长沙市同升湖为例

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.10.012

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (10): 2054-2066.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.10.012

基于计算力流体力学的城市近郊湖泊“冷岛效应”及其情景模拟研究——以长沙市同升湖为例

张伟¹^,²(), 王凯丽¹, 梁胜¹, 杜心宇¹, 刘路云¹, 陈存友¹^,^*(), 胡希军¹

1.中南林业科技大学风景园林学院/湖南省自然保护地风景资源大数据工程技术研究中心/城乡景观生态研究所,湖南长沙 410004
2.五矿矿业（安徽）开发有限公司,安徽合肥 230000

收稿日期:2021-06-11 出版日期:2021-10-18 发布日期:2021-12-21
通讯作者: * 陈存友（1974年生）,男,副教授,国家注册规划师,博士,硕士研究生导师,研究方向为风景园林规划与设计、城乡发展、旅游规划。E-mail: chencunyou@163.com
* 陈存友（1974年生）,男,副教授,国家注册规划师,博士,硕士研究生导师,研究方向为风景园林规划与设计、城乡发展、旅游规划。E-mail: chencunyou@163.com
作者简介:张伟（1995年生）,男,硕士研究生,研究方向为风景园林规划与设计。E-mail: 1137726130@qq.com
基金资助:
湖南省高等学校“双一流”学科(风景园林学)建设项目(湘教通[2018]469号);国家林业和草原局重点学科(风景园林学)建设项目(林人发[2016]21号);中南林业科技大学研究生科技创新基金项目(创新zx20192007)

Research on the “Cold Island Effect” and Scenario Simulation of Lakes in Urban Suburbs Based on Computational Force Fluid Dynamics: Taking Tongsheng Lake in Changsha City as An Example

ZHANG Wei¹^,²(), WANG Kaili¹, LIANG Sheng¹, DU Xinyu¹, LIU Luyun¹, CHEN Cunyou¹^,^*(), HU Xijun¹

1. Central South University of Forestry and Technology, College of Landscape Architecture/Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources/Urban and Rural Landscape Ecology Research Institute Changsha, Changsha 410004, China
2. Minmetal Mining (Anhui) Engineering Co. LTD, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China

Received:2021-06-11 Online:2021-10-18 Published:2021-12-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市湖泊生态效益优越,对周围环境具有明显的“冷岛效应”。中尺度层面上,从环境物理学角度出发,以位于长沙市近郊区的同升湖作为研究对象,采用平行定点实测法获取夏季湖泊周边热环境指标,结合CFD情景模拟,二者交互验证。同时设置湖区周边近地面层典型气候边界条件,通过改变单一影响因子的变化,系统分析了夏季城市近郊湖泊“冷岛效应”的变化规律以及湖区周边建筑对湖泊“冷岛效应”发挥的影响,揭示了湖泊与周围环境之间的温度交互特征。结果表明：（1）夏季城市近郊湖泊对周围环境存在“冷岛效应”,研究区域与对照区域的日均温度差值在0.55 ℃,湖泊“冷岛效应”的发挥与太阳辐射强度相关,在13:00—14:00时间段内较突出;（2）湖泊“冷岛效应”与临湖距离呈显著负相关,湖泊水体的降温作用在0 m处最显著,在距湖岸300 m范围明显,在距湖岸600 m范围存在降温作用,湖泊水体对主导风下风向区域的降温效果最佳,降温强度可达0.96 ℃;（3）通过改变单一影响因子的CFD情景模拟发现,湖泊“冷岛效应”发挥与建筑高度、建筑后退湖岸距离、建筑间距密切相关,建筑后退湖岸100 m和200 m,下风向区域温度降低0.34—0.56 ℃,降温范围在650—800 m;建筑高度增加10 m和20 m,下风向区域温度上升0.09—0.39 ℃,降温范围在350—500 m;建筑间距增大2倍,下风向区域温度下降0.27 ℃左右,降温范围在500—600 m。该研究成果对研究城市湖泊小气候、改善城市局域热环境及指导未来城市近郊湖区建设布局具有重要指导意义。

关键词: 冷岛效应, 热岛效应, CFD, 情景模拟, 城市近郊湖泊, 同升湖

Abstract:

Excellent ecological benefit of lakes in cities has significant “cold island effect” on surrounding environment. At mesoscale layer and from the angle of environmental physics, with Tongsheng lake in suburb of Changsha as the research object, the surrounding thermal environmental indexes of the lake in summer was obtained through parallel fixed-point field measurement with combination with CFD scenario simulation for inter-verification. At the same time, the boundary conditions of typical climate in near surface layer surrounding the lake were established. Then, by changing a single influencing factor, a systematic analysis was performed on the law of change of “cold island effect” of lakes. In suburb of the city in summer and the influence of buildings surrounding lakes to the “cold island effect” of lakes, thus revealing the characteristics of temperature interaction between lakes and surrounding environment. The result suggests: (1) In summer, lakes in suburb have “cold island effect” on surrounding environment, with an average daily temperature difference of 0.55 ℃ between the researched area and the control area. The “cold island effect” of lakes is related to solar radiation intensity, being the strongest during the hours from 13:00-14:00; (2) There is a significant negative correlation between “cold island effect” of lakes and the distance to the lake. The cooling effect of lakes is the most significant at the distance of 0 m; significant within a range of 300 m; and identifiable within a range of 600 m. The cooling effect of lakes is optimal for areas in prevailing downwind direction, with a cooling intensity of 0.96 ℃; (3) Upon CFD scenario simulation where single influencing factor is changed, it is found that the “cold island effect” of lakes is closely related to the height of buildings, the distance from buildings to lakes and the spacing of buildings: where the distance from buildings to lakes is increased by 100 m and 200 m, the temperature in the areas in downwind direction is reduced by 0.34-0.56 ℃ and the cooling range is 650-800 m; where the height of buildings is increased by 10 m and 20 m, the temperature in the areas in downwind direction is increased by 0.09-0.39 ℃ and the cooling range is 350-500 m; where the spacing of buildings is increased by twice, the temperature in the areas in downwind direction is reduced by about 0.27 ℃ and the cooling range is 500-600 m. This research results are of great guiding significance to research of microclimate of lakes in cities, improvement of urban local thermal environment and guidance on construction of lakes in suburbs in the future.

Key words: cold island effect, heat island effect, CFD, scenario simulation, lakes in urban suburbs, Tongsheng Lake

中图分类号:

张伟, 王凯丽, 梁胜, 杜心宇, 刘路云, 陈存友, 胡希军. 基于计算力流体力学的城市近郊湖泊“冷岛效应”及其情景模拟研究——以长沙市同升湖为例[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(10): 2054-2066.

ZHANG Wei, WANG Kaili, LIANG Sheng, DU Xinyu, LIU Luyun, CHEN Cunyou, HU Xijun. Research on the “Cold Island Effect” and Scenario Simulation of Lakes in Urban Suburbs Based on Computational Force Fluid Dynamics: Taking Tongsheng Lake in Changsha City as An Example[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(10): 2054-2066.

图/表 17

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样方编号Sample number	距离 Distance/ m	建筑布局 Construction layout	建筑高度分类 Building height classification	建筑平均高度Average building height	绿化覆盖面积占比Percentage of green coverage area	不透水面面积占比Percentage of impervious surface area	乔灌草比例Joe shrub grass ratio
1	0	围合式 Enclosed	多层 Multi-layer	12.8	0.69	0.31	0.6
2	150	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.54	0.46	0.8
3	300	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.4	0.6	1.2
4	450	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.5	0.5	1
5	600	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.3	0.3	1.5
6	0				0.6	0.4	1.8
7	150	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.5	0.5	2
8	300	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.2	0.8	1
9	450	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.35	0.65	1.5
10	600				0.22	0.22	0.8
11	0	行列式 Determinant	低层 Lower level	12.8	0.7	0.3	3
12	150	行列式 Determinant	中高层 Middle and high level	23.8	0.5	0.5	1.8
13	300	行列式 Determinant	中高层 Middle and high level	23.8	0.42	0.58	1
14	450	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.26	0.74	0.6
15	600	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.2	0.8	0.5
16	2000	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.1	0.9	1
17	2000	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.1	0.9	1
18	2000	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.1	0.9	1

样方编号Sample number	距离 Distance/ m	建筑布局 Construction layout	建筑高度分类 Building height classification	建筑平均高度Average building height	绿化覆盖面积占比Percentage of green coverage area	不透水面面积占比Percentage of impervious surface area	乔灌草比例Joe shrub grass ratio
1	0	围合式 Enclosed	多层 Multi-layer	12.8	0.69	0.31	0.6
2	150	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.54	0.46	0.8
3	300	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.4	0.6	1.2
4	450	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.5	0.5	1
5	600	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.3	0.3	1.5
6	0				0.6	0.4	1.8
7	150	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.5	0.5	2
8	300	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.2	0.8	1
9	450	点状分布 Point distribution	低层 Lower level	6	0.35	0.65	1.5
10	600				0.22	0.22	0.8
11	0	行列式 Determinant	低层 Lower level	12.8	0.7	0.3	3
12	150	行列式 Determinant	中高层 Middle and high level	23.8	0.5	0.5	1.8
13	300	行列式 Determinant	中高层 Middle and high level	23.8	0.42	0.58	1
14	450	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.26	0.74	0.6
15	600	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.2	0.8	0.5
16	2000	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.1	0.9	1
17	2000	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.1	0.9	1
18	2000	行列式 Determinant	高层 High-level	36	0.1	0.9	1

季节 Season	月份 Month	时间 Time
夏季 Summer	6	2019-06-20	2019-06-25	2019-06-26
	7	2019-07-01	2019-07-02	2019-07-03
	8	2019-08-23	2019-08-24	2019-08-31

季节 Season	月份 Month	时间 Time
夏季 Summer	6	2019-06-20	2019-06-25	2019-06-26
	7	2019-07-01	2019-07-02	2019-07-03
	8	2019-08-23	2019-08-24	2019-08-31

温度 Temperature/℃	东南部区域 Southeast region	西北部区域 Northwest region	东北部区域 Northeast region	西南部区域Southwest region	湖泊中心区域 Lake center area
实际算例 Actual calculation example	36.38-38.72	35.25-37.88	36.21-38.34	36.15-38.16	30.10-34.32
建筑高度增加10 m Building height increased by 10 m	36.94-38.78	35.40-37.91	36.28-38.35	36.35-38.24	30.45-34.88
建筑高度增加20 m Building height increased by 20 m	37.09-38.86	35.85-38.05	36.35-38.49	36.52-38.38	30.60-34.95
建筑间距增大2倍 Building spacing increased by 2 times	36.26-38.49	34.97-37.62	36.08-38.08	35.88-37.75	29.65-34.09

基于计算力流体力学的城市近郊湖泊“冷岛效应”及其情景模拟研究——以长沙市同升湖为例

Research on the “Cold Island Effect” and Scenario Simulation of Lakes in Urban Suburbs Based on Computational Force Fluid Dynamics: Taking Tongsheng Lake in Changsha City as An Example

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