国内外农用地膜使用政策、执行标准与回收状况

靳拓, 薛颖昊, 张明明, 周涛, 刘宏金, 张凯, 习斌

Research Advances in Regulations, Standards and Recovery of Mulch Film

JIN Tuo, XUE Yinghao, ZHANG Mingming, ZHOU Tao, LIU Hongjin, ZHANG Kai, XI Bin

表2 在堆肥条件下评估塑料可降解性的国际和美国标准

Table 2 International and American standards for evaluating degradability of plastics under composting conditions

标准号 Standard number 机构 Institution 名称 Name 评估目标 Assessment objectives ISO 16929 ISO Plastics-Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under defined composting conditions in a pilot-scale test Determine the degree of disintegration of plastic materials in a pilot-scale aerobic composting test under defined conditions ASTM D6400-12 ASTM Standard specification for labelling of plastics designed to be aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities Determine if plastics will compost satisfactorily, and establish requirements for identifying items made from plastics or polymers, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities” ASTM D5338-15 ASTM Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions, incorporating thermophilic temperatures Determines the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials on exposure to a controlled-composting environment under laboratory conditions, at thermophilic temperatures ASTM D6868-19 ASTM Standard specification for labelling of end items that incorporate plastics and polymers as coatings or additives with paper and other substrates designed to be aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities Determine if end items (including packaging) which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of plastic biodegradation must not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons ASTM D6954-18 ASTM Standard guide for exposing and testing plastics that degrade in the environment by a combination of oxidation and biodegradation Compare and rank the controlled laboratory rates of degradation and degree of physical property losses of polymers by thermal and photooxidation processes as well as the biodegradation and ecological impacts in defined applications and disposal environments after degradation ASTM D5988-18 ASTM Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in soil Under laboratory conditions, determine the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials, including formulation additives, in contact with soil ASTM D5526-18 ASTM Standard test method for determining anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under accelerated landfill conditions Determine the degree and rate of anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in an accelerated-landfill test environment ASTM D7475-11 ASTM Standard test method for determining the aerobic degradation and anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under accelerated bioreactor landfill conditions Determine the degree and rate of aerobic degradation (as indicated by loss of tensile strength, molecular weight, possibly resulting in disintegration and fragmentation) and anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in an accelerated bioreactor landfill test environment ASTM D6691-17 ASTM Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in the marine environment by a defined microbial consortium or natural sea water Inoculum Under controlled laboratory conditions, assess the rate and degree of aerobic biodegradation of plastics exposed to marine microorganisms ASTM D5511-18 ASTM Standard test method for determining anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under high-solids anaerobic-digestion conditions Determine the rate and degree of anaerobic biodegradability of plastic products when placed in a high-solids anaerobic digester ASTM D7444-18a ASTM Standard practice for heat and humidity aging of oxidatively degradable plastics Test the oxidative degradation characteristics of plastics that degrade in the environment under atmospheric pressure and thermal and humidity simulations ASTM WK41850 ASTM New Test Method for Determining the rate and extent of plastics biodegradation in an anaerobic laboratory environment under accelerated conditions Laboratory assessment of the extent and rate of biodegradation of plastics in a simulated landfill environment